![]() 42), the community of researchers concentrates on the routine activity of "puzzle-solving" without testing the paradigm itself. Under the conditions of normal science and its "strong network of commitments -conceptual, theoretical, instrumental and methodological" (p. Kuhn's perspective is historical: Preparadigmatic periods in science are followed by a time where a valid paradigm allows "normal science" (to use Kuhn's terminology) to take place. Paradigms structure observation and define reality. ![]() Hence, a paradigm works as a criterion for choosing problems that, as long as the paradigm is taken for granted, can be assumed to have a solution. A paradigm consists of a group of fundamental assumptions forming a shared framework that provides the scholar with instruction on what to view as issues of inquiry and how to deal with these issues. According to one of the definitions given by Kuhn, paradigms are "universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners" (p. Kuhn's seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) initiated intense discussions on the concept of paradigm, making the word paradigm part of the general intellectual discourse, though not always in the sense intended by Kuhn. In popular understanding, paradigm often simply means a collection of ideas, a cluster of theories, models or actions representing a guiding idea, or a conceptual framework. The term paradigm is frequently used in the social sciences. In philosophy, its meanings include an archetype, a standard of measurement, a typical case or suggestive example, and a dominating scientific orientation. In linguistics, a paradigm provides an example of a conjugation or a declension. The word paradigm comes from the Greek paradeigma : evidence, example, pattern, model, archetype.
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